4D Printing

This engineering reference covers 4D printing, in which additive manufacturing is combined with materials that change over time in response to stimuli. It looks at autonomic and non-autonomic systems driven by different stimuli, including temperature, current, moisture, light and sound. It also describes a fifth-dimensional aspect, in which more than one stimulus is used in an additive manufacturing process.

The book begins with an introduction to hybrid processes and then examines the physics behind them, with derivations and numerical problems. For engineers working in the field, it lists the applicable codes and standards for each hybrid process.

Every section ends with a case study that gives readers a model for exploring future research directions.